3 101 X Athens, despite its political decline, was still regarded as the centre of Greek culture in the Hellenistic period. Because of its fame, foreign rulers (such as the kings of Pergamum and the Ptolemies of Egypt) often erected public buildings there. This tradition was continued by the Romans.
#ATHENS PW
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#ART AND ARCHITECTURE IS
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#SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD IW
6 101 X Jerusalem in the Hellenistic era was originally ruled by the Ptolemies but eventually came under Seleucid rule in 198 BC. A Greek city was established here by Antiochus IV with the support of Hellenized Jews. A fortress secured Seleucid domination over the city until it fell in the Jewish Revolt in 164 BC.
#JERUSALEM PW
7 101 X Memphis was the ancient capital of Lower Egypt. It was the centre of the cult of Serapis in the Ptolemaic era and had a famous temple - the Serapeum. It was second only to Alexandria in size and importance in Ptolemaic Egypt.
#MEMPHIS PW
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# IW Cleopatra VII
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#PERGAMON CM
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#HELLENISTIC SONG FM
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#NEMRUT DAG HEADS IW
12 101 X Rome was the emerging giant of the Mediterranean World and by 120 BC had already conquered most of the Hellenistic World. Many of the remaining lands fell to Rome in the next century. The Romans inherited Greek culture through their conquest of the Hellenistic World, particularly in the fields of art, architecture, history, and philosophy.
#ROME PW
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#LATER EMPIRES
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#CENTRAL ASIA
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#AFTER THE MAURIANS
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#CARTHAGINIANS
xx 101 X Cleopatra was the last of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. Born in 69 B.C., she was co-ruler with her brother and husband Ptolemy XIII from 51 to 48 B.C. She was deposed by him, but Julius Caesar restored her to power the next year after her husband/brother was drowned in the Nile. Another brother, Ptolemy XIV, was installed as co-ruler with Cleopatra and he too married her. She, however, bore Julius Caesar a son in 47 B.C., and Ptolemy was murdered in 44 B.C. (most probably at her instigation). She met Mark Antony in 41 B.C. and so began the most famous love affair in antiquity. She bore him twins and supported him with money and supplies on his campaigns. Antony restored to her former Ptolemaic lands in Cilicia, Phoenicia, and Cyrenaica, and gave her the title 'Queen of Queens'.
